The course proposes an overview of the architecture of the past, providing tools to analyze and understand the historical reasons and assess its quality. To this end, students are asked to examine the architectures selected focusing on the reasons of their construction in a specific time and place, what were the objectives of the client, the builder and the architect, how and why certain techniques and specific materials have been chosen, what relationship these buildings have with the architectures of the past and those contemporary to them, considering how these aspects are related to each other, reconstructing the design process, when it is sufficiently documented. In the first year the chosen buildings are the ones deemed most significant, including during the time span from the classical age extended to the sixteenth century.
Canali
scheda docente
materiale didattico
The course is chronological, from the most ancient architecture to the architecture of the early modern age, and will include some thematic and seminar lessons, focusing on specific aspects, which may also be treated from a diachronic perspective.
PART I. COMPARED ANTIQUITIES: Architectural orders and origin of the temple; Greece and the East. From the Parthenon to the Dydimaion; ancient building techniques; the Etruscans; Roman architecture: tempio and foro; theatres and amphitheatres; domus, villa, palace.
PART II. CULTURES AND CONNECTIONS. FROM THE DECLINE OF ROME TO THE BIRTH OF EUROPE: Rome, Milan, Constantinople, Ravenna; Longobards and Carolingians in Europe; "Proto-Romanesque" and "Romanesque" in Italy and Europe; Gothic in Europe and Italy.
PART III. ARCHITECTURE IN THE HUMANISTIC AND RENAISSANCE AGES: Filippo Brunelleschi; Leon Battista Alberti; Giuliano da Sangallo; Bramante Raphael and his workshop; Michelangelo in Florence and Rome; Giulio Romano in Rome and Mantua, Andrea Palladio; tools of architect: drawings and treatises.
Programma
In 2024-2025 the course proposes an examination of the history of ancient, medieval and Renaissance architecture with particular reference to Southern Europe.The course is chronological, from the most ancient architecture to the architecture of the early modern age, and will include some thematic and seminar lessons, focusing on specific aspects, which may also be treated from a diachronic perspective.
PART I. COMPARED ANTIQUITIES: Architectural orders and origin of the temple; Greece and the East. From the Parthenon to the Dydimaion; ancient building techniques; the Etruscans; Roman architecture: tempio and foro; theatres and amphitheatres; domus, villa, palace.
PART II. CULTURES AND CONNECTIONS. FROM THE DECLINE OF ROME TO THE BIRTH OF EUROPE: Rome, Milan, Constantinople, Ravenna; Longobards and Carolingians in Europe; "Proto-Romanesque" and "Romanesque" in Italy and Europe; Gothic in Europe and Italy.
PART III. ARCHITECTURE IN THE HUMANISTIC AND RENAISSANCE AGES: Filippo Brunelleschi; Leon Battista Alberti; Giuliano da Sangallo; Bramante Raphael and his workshop; Michelangelo in Florence and Rome; Giulio Romano in Rome and Mantua, Andrea Palladio; tools of architect: drawings and treatises.
Testi Adottati
- A. Bruschi et al., Lineamenti di storia dell'architettura per i corsi di storia dell'architettura: introduzione e premessa di Arnaldo Bruschi e Gaetano Miarelli Mariani, Roma, Sovera, 1994Bibliografia Di Riferimento
Selected bibliography A. Bruschi, Introduzione alla storia dell'architettura. Considerazioni sul metodo e sulal storia degli studi, Roma 2009 Architettura romana: i grandi monumenti, a cura di H. von Hesberg, P. Zanker, Milano 2009 Da Costantino a Carlo Magno, a cura di S. de Blaauw, Milano 2010 C. Tosco, L'architettura medievale in Italia. 600-1200, Bologna 2016 Il Quattrocento, a cura di F.P. Fiore, Milano 1998 Il primo Cinquecento, a cura di A. Bruschi, Milano 2002 Il secondo Cinquecento, a cura di C. Conforti, R.J. Tuttle, Milano 2001 Catalogues Sistema Bibliotecario di Ateneo https://sba.uniroma3.it/ Catalogo del Servizio Bibliotecario Nazionale https://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opac/iccu/free.jsp Jstor https://www.jstor.org/ Digital sources Trattati di architettura: http://architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr/Traite/liste.asp Opere d’arte: Web Gallery of Art https://www.wga.hu/ Disegni del Gabinetto dei Disegni e delle Stampe, Gallerie Uffizi, Firenze https://euploos.uffizi.it/index.php Biblioteca digitalizzata dell’Institut national d’histoire de l’art INHA Paris https://bibliotheque-numerique.inha.fr/ Fonti bibliografiche digitali Universitäts-bibliothek Heidelberg https://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani https://www.treccani.it/biografie/Modalità Erogazione
The course includes ex cathedra and on-site lectures. The programme is divided into three modules, subdivided chronologically. The first (Part I) is dedicated to ancient architecture, the second (Part II) to late antique and medieval architecture, the third (Part III) to 15th and 16th century architecture (see programme). Seminars and conferences dedicated to transdisciplinary themes will be organised and will be announced during the course. Students will receive the iconographic materials used for the lectures, which will also constitute a further guide to the topics covered. NOTICES Notices regarding teaching activities, including any changes in the timetable, and teaching materials will be published in the appropriate section of the departmental website and in the course Teams channel.Modalità Frequenza
Attendance is compulsory, for a minimum of 75% of the lessons, both for the frontal teaching activities and for the seminar activities.Modalità Valutazione
The final evaluation is determined by three factors. 1. Final oral examination, focusing on the topics discussed in the course and the contents of the bibliography (see below GRADE). 2. Discussion of the individual study. At the beginning of the course, students will receive a list of the topics planned for the academic year 2024-2025 and a vademecum containing information on how to carry out the individual study and the bibliography. 3. During the course of the semester, an intermediate written test (optional) focusing on the programme of the history of ancient and late ancient architecture is scheduled to take place approximately at the beginning of November. The test will be marked 30/30. The procedure and the schedule will be communicated at the beginning of the lessons. Those who pass the intermediate examination (mark higher than 18/30) will be allowed to discuss during the final examination only the part of the programme excluded from the examination. The mark obtained in the intermediate test (if higher than 18/30) will be averaged with the mark obtained during the final oral interview (see below GRADE). Students who do not take the intermediate test or do not pass it with a positive assessment may still take the final oral examination and will also be questioned on the contents of the programme covered by the intermediate test not passed or not taken (or both). FINAL EXAMINATION The oral exam will begin with questions on the exercise Promenades dans Rome. Histories of architecture from antiquity to the Renaissance carried out by the candidate, which will have been previously handed in to the lecturer according to the format communicated at the beginning of the course. The exam will continue with further questions on the programme. Preparation of the exercise is compulsory for the final examination and is required of all students (i.e. both those who have taken/successfully taken the intermediate examination and those who have not). Failure to prepare for the individual exercise will make it impossible to sit the exam. The duration of the final interview is approximately 20 minutes. DISTRIBUTION OF THE GRADE - Grading distribution: knowledge of the course programme 40%; individual study 30%; intermediate test 30%. - Knowledge of the main buildings and architects illustrated during the course is a prerequisite for an adequate assessment. - The use of specific vocabulary and good critical ability will contribute to a fully positive evaluation. - The marks from the mid-term tests will be valid until the last appeal of the 2023/2024 autumn session. - For those who have not taken the intermediate tests, the final assessment of the course will be determined entirely by the outcome of the oral examination. Students with disabilities or students with DSA Students with disabilities or Specific Learning Disorders (SLD), accredited by the Service Centre for Disabled Students and Students with SLD, can contact the teacher and the departmental contact person for disabilities and SLD directly to agree on the methods for taking intermediate tests and examinations and the use of compensatory tools as provided for by current legislation and the University's guidelines.
scheda docente
materiale didattico
The course aims to provide analytical and interpretative frameworks for studying the history of architecture in Italy and the Mediterranean region, from ancient Rome to the end of the sixteenth century. It includes in-depth historical and critical examinations of buildings, cities, architects, patrons, materials, and techniques. Special attention will be given to drawing techniques, design tools, and graphic conventions used throughout this period.
Specific learning outcomes
The specific learning outcomes of the course include providing methodologies for analyzing buildings within their historical contexts, considering economic, technological, socio-cultural, and aesthetic factors of the time. It also aims to develop interpretative skills for architectural phenomena, fostering independent judgment, linguistic proficiency, and communicative effectiveness.
1. Critically analyze architectural artifacts within their urban and spatial contexts.
2. Study construction techniques and material usage in relation to geographical and historical contexts.
3. Understand the evolution of space, territorial characteristics, and landscape construction over time.
4. Critically examine historical sources on architecture, questioning their definitions, concepts, and reference categories.
5. Recognize drawing conventions and various project communication tools across different cultures and periods.
PART 1: ANTIQUITY (3RD CENT. B.C.–7TH CENT. A.D.)
Roman Architecture
Roman constructions and the art of building. Military architecture and the castrum. Concrete and cast vaults. Architectural orders. Vitruvius’ De architectura. Public and residential buildings. The Republican-era sanctuaries in the Lazio region. The "Forma Urbis Romae" and the topography of Rome from Augustus to Diocletian. The anthropized landscape of the Romans and territorial infrastructures. Ancient Roman cities in Italy and the Mediterranean. Marbles quarries across the Mediterranean. Apollodorus of Damascus, the Forum and the Markets of Trajan.
Late Antiquity, Early Christian, and Byzantine architecture
Procopius of Caesarea and De aedificiis. Byzantine domed systems. Ecclesiastical and residential construction. Military and defensive architecture. The new Christian capitals. The birth of major Western Christian sanctuaries. Anthemius of Tralles, Isidore of Miletus, and the construction of Hagia Sophia.
PART 2: MIDDLE AGES (8TH–14TH CENT.)
Early Medieval and Lombard Architecture
The idea of Rome and the persistence of Roman architecture. The Carolingian "renaissance." Cities and regions of early medieval architecture. Monastic architecture between East and West. Lombard and Barbarian architecture. Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel in Aachen and the plan of St Gall.
Romanesque Architecture in Europe and Italy
Local characteristics of European and Mediterranean Romanesque architecture. The rounded arch, load-bearing walls, and groin vaults. Pilgrimage churches and hospices. The Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem and the architecture ad instar. Crusader architecture. Cluny III Abbey. Specific characteristics of Romanesque architecture in Italy. Civil and religious power buildings; itinerant craftsmen. Key figures and buildings of Romanesque Italy. Sant'Ambrogio in Milan.
Gothic Architecture in Europe and Italy
Regions and styles of Gothic architecture. The pointed arch, clustered columns, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, stained glass windows. Villard de Honnecour's Notebook. Cathedrals and churches in the Île-de-France. Cities and construction sites of Gothic Europe. The architecture of the Benedictine Cistercian congregation.
Origins of Italian Architecture
Elements of Italian urban space between the 12th and 13th centuries. The Cathedral square and the Town Hall square. Urban monasteries and convents. Mercantile and bourgeois residential architecture. Key figures and buildings of Italian Gothic. San Francesco in Assisi, the Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa and Piazza San Marco in Venice.
PART 3: RENAISSANCE (15TH–16TH CENT.)
Renaissance Architecture in Italy
Humanism and the memory of antiquity. Vitruvius and the rediscovery of architectural orders. The evolving role of architects. The new strategies for project communication: drawings and models. Architectural treatises and the birth of perspective space.
Filippo Brunelleschi in Florence. Leon Battista Alberti in Florence and Mantua. Francesco di Giorgio in Siena and Urbino. Humanist patronage and the prince as an architect, Pius II in Pienza and Federico da Montefeltro in Urbino. Leonardo and Bramante in Milan. Bramante and Raphael in Papal Rome. The construction of St. Peter's Basilica. The Raphael's circle: Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Baldassarre Peruzzi, Giulio Romano. The architecture of Michelangelo Buonarroti. Identity of Venetian architecture: Jacopo Sansovino, Andrea Palladio's villas, palaces, and The Four Books of Architecture.
Site visits and excursions
Some Thursday classes generally consist of site visits to archaeological sites and architectural complexes in Rome.
In conjunction with the course in History of Architecture 1 - Channel I, Professor Francesca Mattei
Carlo Tosco, L’architettura italiana nel Trecento, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2023.
Donatella Calabi, La città del primo Rinascimento, 2001.
Or, alternatively:
David Watkin, A History of Western Architecture, London, Lawrence King Publ. Ltd., 20156 or previous editions.
Richard Krautheimer, Three Christian Capitals. Topography and Politics, California Univ. Press, 1983.
Without a basic knowledge of the history of architecture and art related to the periods covered in the lessons, it is strongly recommended to read manuals and textbook on the history of art and architecture in English.
Programma
COURSE OUTLINE AND CLASS TOPICSThe course aims to provide analytical and interpretative frameworks for studying the history of architecture in Italy and the Mediterranean region, from ancient Rome to the end of the sixteenth century. It includes in-depth historical and critical examinations of buildings, cities, architects, patrons, materials, and techniques. Special attention will be given to drawing techniques, design tools, and graphic conventions used throughout this period.
Specific learning outcomes
The specific learning outcomes of the course include providing methodologies for analyzing buildings within their historical contexts, considering economic, technological, socio-cultural, and aesthetic factors of the time. It also aims to develop interpretative skills for architectural phenomena, fostering independent judgment, linguistic proficiency, and communicative effectiveness.
1. Critically analyze architectural artifacts within their urban and spatial contexts.
2. Study construction techniques and material usage in relation to geographical and historical contexts.
3. Understand the evolution of space, territorial characteristics, and landscape construction over time.
4. Critically examine historical sources on architecture, questioning their definitions, concepts, and reference categories.
5. Recognize drawing conventions and various project communication tools across different cultures and periods.
PART 1: ANTIQUITY (3RD CENT. B.C.–7TH CENT. A.D.)
Roman Architecture
Roman constructions and the art of building. Military architecture and the castrum. Concrete and cast vaults. Architectural orders. Vitruvius’ De architectura. Public and residential buildings. The Republican-era sanctuaries in the Lazio region. The "Forma Urbis Romae" and the topography of Rome from Augustus to Diocletian. The anthropized landscape of the Romans and territorial infrastructures. Ancient Roman cities in Italy and the Mediterranean. Marbles quarries across the Mediterranean. Apollodorus of Damascus, the Forum and the Markets of Trajan.
Late Antiquity, Early Christian, and Byzantine architecture
Procopius of Caesarea and De aedificiis. Byzantine domed systems. Ecclesiastical and residential construction. Military and defensive architecture. The new Christian capitals. The birth of major Western Christian sanctuaries. Anthemius of Tralles, Isidore of Miletus, and the construction of Hagia Sophia.
PART 2: MIDDLE AGES (8TH–14TH CENT.)
Early Medieval and Lombard Architecture
The idea of Rome and the persistence of Roman architecture. The Carolingian "renaissance." Cities and regions of early medieval architecture. Monastic architecture between East and West. Lombard and Barbarian architecture. Charlemagne's Palatine Chapel in Aachen and the plan of St Gall.
Romanesque Architecture in Europe and Italy
Local characteristics of European and Mediterranean Romanesque architecture. The rounded arch, load-bearing walls, and groin vaults. Pilgrimage churches and hospices. The Holy Sepulcher of Jerusalem and the architecture ad instar. Crusader architecture. Cluny III Abbey. Specific characteristics of Romanesque architecture in Italy. Civil and religious power buildings; itinerant craftsmen. Key figures and buildings of Romanesque Italy. Sant'Ambrogio in Milan.
Gothic Architecture in Europe and Italy
Regions and styles of Gothic architecture. The pointed arch, clustered columns, ribbed vaults, flying buttresses, stained glass windows. Villard de Honnecour's Notebook. Cathedrals and churches in the Île-de-France. Cities and construction sites of Gothic Europe. The architecture of the Benedictine Cistercian congregation.
Origins of Italian Architecture
Elements of Italian urban space between the 12th and 13th centuries. The Cathedral square and the Town Hall square. Urban monasteries and convents. Mercantile and bourgeois residential architecture. Key figures and buildings of Italian Gothic. San Francesco in Assisi, the Piazza dei Miracoli in Pisa and Piazza San Marco in Venice.
PART 3: RENAISSANCE (15TH–16TH CENT.)
Renaissance Architecture in Italy
Humanism and the memory of antiquity. Vitruvius and the rediscovery of architectural orders. The evolving role of architects. The new strategies for project communication: drawings and models. Architectural treatises and the birth of perspective space.
Filippo Brunelleschi in Florence. Leon Battista Alberti in Florence and Mantua. Francesco di Giorgio in Siena and Urbino. Humanist patronage and the prince as an architect, Pius II in Pienza and Federico da Montefeltro in Urbino. Leonardo and Bramante in Milan. Bramante and Raphael in Papal Rome. The construction of St. Peter's Basilica. The Raphael's circle: Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Baldassarre Peruzzi, Giulio Romano. The architecture of Michelangelo Buonarroti. Identity of Venetian architecture: Jacopo Sansovino, Andrea Palladio's villas, palaces, and The Four Books of Architecture.
Site visits and excursions
Some Thursday classes generally consist of site visits to archaeological sites and architectural complexes in Rome.
In conjunction with the course in History of Architecture 1 - Channel I, Professor Francesca Mattei
Testi Adottati
Paul Zanker, La città romana, 2013.Carlo Tosco, L’architettura italiana nel Trecento, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2023.
Donatella Calabi, La città del primo Rinascimento, 2001.
Or, alternatively:
David Watkin, A History of Western Architecture, London, Lawrence King Publ. Ltd., 20156 or previous editions.
Richard Krautheimer, Three Christian Capitals. Topography and Politics, California Univ. Press, 1983.
Without a basic knowledge of the history of architecture and art related to the periods covered in the lessons, it is strongly recommended to read manuals and textbook on the history of art and architecture in English.
Bibliografia Di Riferimento
SUGGESTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PART 1: ANTIQUITY (3RD CENT. B.C.–7TH CENT. A.D.) Jean-Pierre Adam, L’arte di costruire presso i romani. Materiali e tecniche, Milano, Longanesi, 1990. Cairoli Fulvio Giuliani, L’edilizia nell’antichità, Roma, Carocci, 2021 o edizioni precedenti. On PART 2: MIDDLE AGES (8TH–14TH CENT.) Giorgio Ravegnani, Andare per l'Italia bizantina, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2016. Carlo Tosco, L’architettura medievale in Italia 600-1200, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2016. Carlo Tosco, L’architettura italiana nel Duecento, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2021. Aldo A. Settia, Castelli medievali, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2021. Giovanni Coppola, L’edilizia nel Medioevo, Roma, Carocci, 2022 o edizioni precedenti. Jean-Claude Maire Viguer, Così belle così vicine: viaggio insolito nelle città dell'Italia medievale, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2023. ON PART 3: RENAISSANCE (15TH–16TH CENT.) James S. Ackerman, Palladio, Harmondsworth UK, Penguin Books, 1966 or any other edition. James S. Ackerman, The Architecture of Michelangelo, London, A. Zwemmer Ltd, 1986 or previous editions. Howard Burns, La villa italiana del Rinascimento. Forme e funzioni delle residenze di campagna, dal castello alla villa palladiana, Costabissara, Angelo Colla, 2012. Roberto Gargiani, Princìpi e costruzione nell’architettura italiana del Quattrocento, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2003. Architectural history book series: Electa, Storia dell’architettura italiana, collana a cura di Giuseppe Positano de Vincentiis: Architettura romana: i grandi monumenti di Roma, a cura di Henner von Hesberg, Paul Zanker, 2009. Architettura romana: Le città d’Italia, a cura di Henner von Hesberg, Paul Zanker, 2012. Da Costantino a Carlo Magno, a cura di Sible de Blaauw, 2010. Il Quattrocento, a cura di Francesco Paolo Fiore, 1998. Il primo Cinquecento, a cura di Arnaldo Bruschi, 2002. Il secondo Cinquecento, a cura di Claudia Conforti, Richard J. Tuttle, 2001. Storia visiva dell’architettura italiana 1400-1700, a cura di Massimiliano Savorra, 2006. Laterza: Storia della città, collana a cura di Donatella Calabi: Ennio Concina, La città bizantina, 2003. Alberto Grohmann, La città medievale, 2003. Donatella Calabi, La città del primo Rinascimento, 2001. Claudia Conforti, La città del tardo Rinascimento, 2005. Dictionaries of architecture: Nikolaus Pevsner, John Fleming, Hugh Honour, Dictionary of Architecture, Harmondsworth UK, Penguin Books, latest edition suggested. James Stevens Curl, Oxford Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford, Oxford Univ. Press, latest edition suggested. Owen Hopkins, Reading Architecture. A Visual Lexicon, London, Lawrence King Publ. Ltd., 2012. Architectural theory and treatises: Bernd Evers, Christof Thoenes, Architectural Theory from the Renaissance to the Present, Berlin, Taschen 2003. Les livres d’architecture (Architectura: architecture, textes et images en France XVIe-XVIIe siecles): http://architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr/Traite/liste.asp Digital dictionaries: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana Treccani: https://www.treccani.it/biografie/ Grande dizionario della lingua italiana, UTET: https://www.gdli.it/Modalità Frequenza
ATTENDANCE POLICY Attendance is mandatory for at least 75% of the classes, including both traditional in-class teaching activities and on-site sessions, as well as seminar activities, in accordance with academic regulations. Students who may have difficulty attending classes due to work commitments must inform the instructor by the end of October and agree on additional reading materials. Requests can be made in person or via email; in the latter case, it is crucial to ensure that a response from the instructor has been received.Modalità Valutazione
EVALUATION METHOD The final evaluation is determined by the overall assessment based on the midterm exam (optional), the oral exam, and the individual assignments or exercises (mandatory). The midterm exam (optional), which will take place on Thursday, November 7th, consists of a written questionnaire related to MODULE 1: ANTIQUITY. It will last two hours and be divided into four parts (maximum 20 questions): 25% multiple-choice questions; 25% image recognition questions; 25% graphic restitution exercises; 25% short open-ended questions. The final grade is out of 30/30. The final exam is oral and focuses on the entire course syllabus, the reference bibliography, PowerPoint presentations, and any supplementary teaching materials provided during the course (as well as the exercises assigned at the beginning of the lessons). Those who score higher than 18/30 on the midterm exam will only need to discuss the content of MODULE 2: MEDIEVAL and MODULE 3: RENAISSANCE during the final exam. The score obtained in the midterm exam will be averaged with the score from the final oral exam. GRADING POLICY Midterm test: 25% Individual presentation and any assigned exercises: 25% Overall knowledge of the course material: 50% (without Midterm test: 75%)